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1 from
from1) (used before the place, thing, person, time etc that is the point at which an action, journey, period of time etc begins: from Europe to Asia; from Monday to Friday; a letter from her father.) fra2) (used to indicate that from which something or someone comes: a quotation from Shakespeare.) fra3) (used to indicate separation: Take it from him.) fra4) (used to indicate a cause or reason: He is suffering from a cold.) av, på grunn av, etterav--------etterprep. \/frɒm\/, trykksvak: \/frəm\/1) ( om utgangspunkt) fra, ide starter i\/fra London2) ( om opprinnelse) fra3) ( om kilde) av, fra4) ( om materiale) av5) ( om årsak) på grunn av, av, etter6) ( om motivasjon) av7) (om mønster, forbilde) etter8) ( om avstand i tid og rom) fra9) ( om beskyttelse) for, mot10) (om fravær, atskillelse) frafrom above ovenfra, fra ovenfrom afar fra det fjerne, langveisfra på langt holdfrom amidst eller from amid fra midten av, frem mellomfrom among eller from amongst fra, i, blantfrom behind bakfra bakfrom below eller from beneath nedenfra, fra undersiden (av)from between frem mellom, ut mellomfrom beyond fra den andre siden avfrom now fra nå (av), fra og med nåfrom out of bort fra, ut avfrom over overfrom thence ( gammeldags) derfrafrom there derfrafrom...to ( om avstand i tid og rom) fra...til...from under frem fra, frem under( slang) rett for nesen påfrom within innenfrafrom without utenfra -
2 Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England
(1638-1706)The daughter of King João IV and Queen Luisa de Gusmão and born at Vila Viçosa. In 1659, Catherine was a prospective bride of King Louis XIV of France, the "Sun King," but the marriage negotiations failed. In 1661, marriage negotiations began in London under the auspices of Portugal's ambassador, Dom Francisco de Melo, and it was arranged that Catherine would marry King Charles II of England. The marriage arrangements were confirmed in the famous Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 23 June 1661, one of the keystones of the ancient Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, and Catherine's dowry was established. As a result, England received from Portugal some two million cruzados (about £350,000 in English money at the time) and the cession of Tangier, Morocco, and Bombay, India.In May 1662, Catherine arrived in England at Portsmouth harbor and began a residence of some 30 years. While Catherine contributed a mighty dowry and introduced the custom of tea-drinking to her husband's country, she failed to adjust either to the climate or the culture and remained a melancholy exile. Her staunch Catholic faith made her suspect among the English Anglican majority, and Charles II's unfaithfulness marred their relationship. Charles died in 1685, but Catherine remained in England until 1692. When she returned to Portugal, she lived in Bemposta Palace and supported the controversial Methuen Treaty (1703) and maintenance of the Anglo-Portuguese connection. Before her death in 1706, she was named regent twice, in 1704 and 1705.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England
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3 Carlota Joaquina, Queen
(1775-1830)Daughter of King Carlos IV of Spain, born in Aranjuez, Spain, and married at the tender age of 10 to João, son and heir of Queen Maria I. When Dom José, the eldest son of Queen Maria I died in 1788, Carlota Joaquina, who had become an unpopular Spaniard living in alien Portugal, was named princess-heiress. Always in conflict with her well-meaning but indecisive husband, João, Carlota became the leader of an extreme reactionary court party and was frequently in conflict with her more malleable husband. When the royal family fled to Brazil in 1808 to escape the French army of invasion, she accompanied them and remained in Brazil until she returned to Portugal with her husband in 1821.From that time on, Carlota Joaquina was never far from the center of political conflicts and controversy, as the Portuguese political system was caught in the grip of a violent struggle between the forces of constitutionalism and absolutism. After returning from Brazil, she refused to swear allegiance to the new constitution presented to her husband, King João VI, and was placed under house arrest. She was a power behind the throne of her son, Miguel, as he proclaimed himself an absolutist king, threw out the constitution, and prepared to rule the country in 1828. Before the civil war called " The War of the Brothers" (Miguel vs. Pedro, both her sons) was concluded with Pedro's military victory in 1834, Carlota Joaquina died and thus did not have to witness Miguel's defeat and permanent exile. -
4 Maria II, queen
(1811-1853)Born Maria da Glória, daughter of Pedro IV of Portugal (Pedro I of Brazil) and his first wife, Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria, in Rio de Janeiro, the future queen was named regent at age seven, on the death of King João VI (1826). By an agreement, her father Pedro abdicated the throne of Portugal on her behalf with the understanding that she would marry her uncle Dom Miguel, who in turn was pledged to accept a constitutional charter written by Pedro himself. Backed by the absolutist party, including his reactionary mother Queen Carlota Joaquina, Dom Miguel returned from his Austrian exile in 1828 and proceeded to scrap the 1826 charter of Pedro and rule as absolutist king of Portugal, placing the nine-year-old Maria da Glória in the political wilderness.Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (who had been Pedro IV of Portugal before he abdicated in Maria's favor) responded by deciding to fight for his daughter's cause and for the restoration of the 1826 charter. Maria's constitutional monarchy, throne, and cause were at the center of the War of the Brothers, a tragic civil war from 1831 to 1834. With foreign assistance from Great Britain, Pedro's army and fleet prevailed over the Miguelite forces by 1834. By the Convention of Évora-Monte, signed by generals of Miguel and Pedro, Miguel surrendered unconditionally, peace was assured, and Miguel went into exile.At age 15, Maria da Glória was proclaimed queen of Portugal, but her personal life was tragic and her reign a stormy one. Within months of the victory of her constitutionalist cause, her chief advocate and counselor, her father Pedro, died of tuberculosis. Her all too brief reign was consumed in childbirth (she died bearing her 11th child in 1853 at age 34) and in ruling Portugal during one of the modern era's most disturbed phases. During her time on the throne, there were frequent military insurrections and interventions in politics, various revolutions, the siege of Oporto, the Patuleia revolt and civil war, the Maria da Fonte uprising, rebellion of leading military commanders (marshals), and economic troubles. Maria was a talented monarch, and helped raise and educate her oldest son Pedro, who succeeded her as King Pedro V, one of Portugal's most remarkable rulers of recent centuries. Late in her reign, the constitutional monarchy system settled down, enjoyed greater stability, and began the so-called " Regeneration" era of economic development and progress.
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